the basic model for valuation of firm is the dividend discount model (ddm). when investors buy stocks, they expect to receive two types of cash flow: dividend in the period during which the stock is owned, and the expected sales price at the end of the period. in the extreme example, the investor keeps the stock until the company is liquidated; in such a case, the liquidating dividend becomes t...

We study a two-dimensional discounted optimal stopping problem related to the pricing of perpetual commodity equities in model financial markets which behaviour underlying asset price follows generalized geometric Brownian motion and dynamics convenience yield are described by an unobservable continuous-time Markov chain with two states. It is shown that time exercise first at spot paid return ...

We consider a discrete time Markov Decision Process with innnite horizon. The criterion to be maximized is the sum of a number of standard discounted rewards, each with a diierent discount factor. Situations in which such criteria arise include modeling investments, production, modeling projects of diierent durations and systems with multiple criteria, and some axiomatic formulations of multi-a...

Reinforcement schemes are a class of non-Markovian stochastic processes. Their non-Markovian nature allows them to model some kind of memory of the past. One subclass of such models are those in which the past is exponentially discounted or forgotten. Often, models in this subclass have the property of becoming trapped with probability 1 in some degenerate state. While previous work has concent...